/TT1 121 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] endobj /ExtGState << 36 0 obj /Parent 16 0 R 25 0 obj << /Resources << /ExtGState << /TT0 120 0 R >> /TT3 121 0 R The better performing schools will attract more pupils and more funding and be able to expand. >> /Dest [103 0 R /XYZ 0 751 null] >> Parentocracy refers to giving parents the choice over which schools to send their children too. /Type /Page To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. 4 The agreement reduced and eliminated tariffs. /Rotate 0 endobj /MC0 129 0 R /Properties << /Rotate 0 /TT1 121 0 R /StructParents 9 The 1988 reform act led to league tables and the schools market plus back-door selection and even corruption, School market supporters argue the case for the defence. << Stories of poor financial management, even corrupt practices, in the independent state school sector persist. endobj /Contents 249 0 R /Parent 12 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /MC0 129 0 R /Type /Pages >> >> /Rotate 0 Many of the features of today's education system - from academies to league tables - have their origins in the 1988 Education Reform Act. /StructParents 12 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Parent 3 0 R /StructParents 2 From 1980 parents were allowed to express a preference for the school they wanted to send their children too, the first time parents were realistically able to consider sending their children to schools miles away from where they lived. /Font << /TT2 121 0 R /Names [ 309 0 R] /Parent 14 0 R /Count 10 endobj /Contents 245 0 R . /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> >> /TT1 121 0 R /Parent 17 0 R >> The New Right believed that state schools should also be run like this except that it is the government that funds the schools, not the fee-paying parents. >> /Type /Page /Properties << 54 0 obj >> /Im1 126 0 R >> /GS0 125 0 R /Contents 270 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /Properties << /Rotate 0 This post has primarily been written forstudents of A-level sociology who are studying the education module in their first year. >> This is the act which more than any other has shaped the modern education system. /Names 4 0 R /LetterspaceFlags 0 >> /Properties << << /ExtGState << 60 0 obj /ExtGState << /MC0 129 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] We considered a variety of . Inclusion is believed to benefit the educational experience for all students. Extend Medicaid coverage to include all people . /Rotate 0 << >> /Parent 17 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /StructParents 20 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] Children can choose schools according to their preferences. The 1988 Conservative Education Reform Act established the National Curriculum, the main advantage as cited in Haralambos & Holborn, (2000), was that it set a consistent standard across the country, in an attempt to promote equality. 43 0 obj /Font << It was this that then set the scene for successful schools to be able to expand and failing schools to collapse (and, following further policy changes later on under New Labour and other successive governments) to be taken over by successful schools. /Font << endobj /StructParents 4 /ExtGState << << /Properties << /GS0 125 0 R /Font << /Font << /Resources << /GS0 125 0 R >> /Next 112 0 R /Rotate 0 >> /ExtGState << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Type /Page >> /ExtGState << /TT1 121 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 23 0 obj 47 0 obj /Font << /TT2 121 0 R /ExtGState << /TT0 120 0 R >> xref /Font << >> /Count 90 /TT0 120 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Contents 261 0 R << The law provides subsidies ("premium tax credits") to customers with incomes ranging from 100% to 400% of the federal poverty threshold (FPL). /Resources << 0000006512 00000 n >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Properties << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Resources << /Resources << %PDF-1.3 % Even so it has hardly proved an ill wind for publishers and, among others, for beleaguered academics anxious to improve their publication ratings in time for the next research review. /Type /Pages /TT2 226 0 R /Properties << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Type /Page /TT1 121 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> endobj >> /Type /Page << 93 0 obj endobj /Parent 2 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /TT1 159 0 R /Parent 2 0 R >> /TT0 120 0 R >> /TT0 120 0 R /StructParents 43 After 30 years of 'go compare', English education is a wild west. >> /Contents 128 0 R /Rotate 0 >> 90 0 obj <>stream /StructParents 76 /TT2 231 0 R >> >> >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> endobj >> /Parent 11 0 R /ExtGState << /Properties << /TT1 226 0 R /GS0 125 0 R << >> endobj Education Reform Act (1988) Aims To raise standards To make schools more accountable To run schools on 'market principles' and improve efficiency/competition To give parents (consumers) greater choice Creating an education 'market' so that schools were competing against each other for 'customers' (pupils). /TT1 226 0 R 1988 CHAPTER 40. << /MC0 129 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Contents 220 0 R /StructParents 78 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /GS0 125 0 R /Type /Page /StructParents 81 Access to better education. /ExtGState << >> /Type /Page /Properties << >> /ExtGState << For instance, public policy decisions can be made by looking at decreasing state-administered tests in public schools if deficiencies in a particular subject are patent. /Contents 243 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Contents 222 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /Properties << Private schools have always operated on these principles they charge fees and compete with each other for customers. /StructParents 1 /Contents 290 0 R /Contents 259 0 R It is usually the benefits of education that are extolled from time to time and there is much strength in that argument since the one thing that separates man from animals is the ability to advance knowledge and expertise from . /Type /Page /Properties << << /Font << << << >> >> /TT3 159 0 R New education providers, in the form of academy trusts, are a reality in most communities. /Parent 13 0 R The biggest of these changes were the 'marketisation' of education and the introduction of the 'new vocationalism', which . /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> 0000029468 00000 n /TT1 121 0 R >> endobj /Parent 15 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Properties << >> The logic behind league tables was that with all schools following the same curriculum it made it easier for parents to compare and choose between schools (parentocracy), and GCSE and SATs meant every student, and more importantly, every school was assessed using the same type of exam. /Properties << /Contents 237 0 R /StructParents 72 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 66 /ExtGState << >> /Type /Page This means that these schools can, Building on the above example The next best school then skims off the next best students and so on until the worst schools at the bottom just end up with the pupils who no one wants. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Contents 239 0 R << /TT1 121 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Font << /TT1 226 0 R /Resources << /Parent 12 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Rotate 0 /ExtGState << endobj /ExtGState << The best schools become oversubscribed often with four or more pupils competing for each place. << >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /MC0 129 0 R /Resources << /Font << /Resources << >> A bit like What car? magazine, but for schools. /Resources << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] Theres also the fact that no successive government has actually changed the fundamental foundations of the act, which suggests its working. /StructParents 29 /Type /Metadata /GS0 125 0 R /Resources << They might in fact give extra money (in per pupil terms) to schools which were struggling to attract students in order to help them improve. /Type /Page /Parent 11 0 R Intake and its social class still influences how some parents make their choices and these subtle forces influence selection.. 4 0 obj 20 0 obj /Font << /TT0 120 0 R /Parent 11 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Contents 263 0 R /Type /Page >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. /MC0 129 0 R << >> /Rotate 0 /Title >> The idea behind league tables was to allow parents to easily assess which schools in their local areas are the best. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] The Obama administration would like to provide national education standards that all states would be required to follow, according to a report on VOANews.com.These national standards would offer continuity in education throughout the country and help students compete more effectively in a global economy, according to proponents of . >> >> Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. >> >> >> 1. /Contents 286 0 R Learn how your comment data is processed. 19 0 obj >> >> << /Type /Pages The New Rights core aim for education was to improve standards through marketisation, which in turn required giving parents more choice over where their children went to school. /Type /Page /Contents 219 0 R /Font << 77 0 obj Also from SAGE Publishing. /TT0 120 0 R /Font << << /Resources << /Parent 13 0 R 69 0 obj >> /First 113 0 R >> /ExtGState << /StructParents 65 >> /Parent 13 0 R /Type /Page /Rotate 0 /ExtGState << Today it is outstanding on every count, oversubscribed and achieving impressive results with a diverse intake. /StructParents 52 The tripartite system, for example, introduced secondary schooling for all students in 1944. /MC0 129 0 R /TT1 121 0 R /Rotate 0 /Resources << /Properties << /Kids [32 0 R 33 0 R 34 0 R 35 0 R 36 0 R 37 0 R 38 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R] /Rotate 0 >> /Font << /Font << /Parent 12 0 R /Next 114 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream /MC0 129 0 R endobj /Contents 257 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Parent 9 0 R The act introduced GCSEs and league tables and laid the foundations for our contemporary competitive education system. /ExtGState << >> 37 0 obj >> /Properties << /StructParents 45 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MC0 129 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] endobj /Rotate 0 Initially, many health insurance companieslacking the information they needed to ensure their financial stabilityleft the ACA's marketplaces. >> /TT0 120 0 R /Properties << Just a note: pretty sure Ofsted was formed under the Education (Schools) Act in 1992 so technically not included in the ERA in 1988. so helpful for my sociology revision! /Type /Page /Font << /TT2 121 0 R /MC0 129 0 R >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 98 0 obj >> endobj /Parent 12 0 R /S /D /Font << The New Rights theory was that marketisation would improve efficiency in schools, which should automatically be achieved by making schools more competitive 0 therefore reducing the education budget. /Type /Page >> 0000005213 00000 n /TT0 120 0 R 0000002642 00000 n /Parent 15 0 R >> >> /Contents 241 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MC0 129 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /TT1 121 0 R The school you go to still depends on where you live we see parents swapping council houses to come here. 35 0 obj >> Established in 1993, OFSTED is the government organisation that inspects schools. /StructParents 69 /Contents 305 0 R /Contents 258 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Type /Page /Font << /PieceInfo << /GS0 125 0 R << >> /MC0 129 0 R /StructParents 13 >> >> /MC0 129 0 R /TT2 226 0 R /StructParents 44 /MC0 129 0 R However, an important point to keep in mind is that correlation doesnt necessarily mean causation GCSE results may have improved over the last 30 years WITHOUT marketisation policies. Teachers must present materials in different ways so that all of the students with different learning styles can understand the material. /Resources << /TT2 226 0 R 0000004490 00000 n /ExtGState << /Count 10 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> Approximately . >> /Font << /TT2 226 0 R << << /Order [] >> /Type /Page The Education Reform Act of 1988 gave the government the authority to control the programme of study at schools and established a . /Resources << /TT1 121 0 R /Resources << For more information, please visit our Permissions help page. /TT1 121 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] The Education Reform Act- Competition and Control, London: Cassell Education limited. endobj Which type of school you ended up attending was decided by the 11+ examination, as ever this process had its advantages as well as its disadvantages: Advantages the brightest 15% - 20% went to grammar schools meaning Materials in different ways so that all of the students with different learning styles can the... 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