Then ask students to write a brief summary describing who the Lost Boys are and what they experienced. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. Many of the countrys poets were imprisoned while others fled to neighboring Egypt. Video, 00:17:58Sudans livestream massacre, Rape and the revolution: 'They were crying and screaming', Human error to blame for train crash - Greek PM, At the crash site of 'no hope' - BBC reporter in Greece. This agreement was followed by a peace agreement to end the civil war signed by the government and Machars opposition party, along with several other rebel factions. Mask-making, pottery, basket-weaving, etc., are some other skills of Sudanese craftsmen. The conflict began in 2003 when rebels launched an insurrection to protest what they contended was the Sudanese government's disregard for the western region and its non-Arab population. These young men trekked across sub-Saharan Africa in search of safety, and eventually found homes in the United States. February 1, 2023 National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. President Salva Kiirs big tent policy, which in practice meant using state funds to buy loyalties by licensing corruption, required a large income, which no longer existed. And indeed, all the evidence we have is that they are committing the same crimes. Soldiers from the Dinka ethnic group aligned with Kiir and those from the Nuer ethnic group supported Machar. Brigadier General Lemi Lomukaya (front R) of the Sudan Peoples Liberation Movement-in-Opposition (SPLM-IO), a South Sudanese antigovernment force, poses with rebels at a base in Birigo, on the South Sudanese side of the border with Uganda, on September 22, 2018. The ruling parties have been predominately military regimes favouring Islamic-oriented policies, in distinct contrast to the beliefs and practices of the primarily Christian south where churches and schools were established by Italian Catholic missionaries and . March 15, 2022 Divide students into small groups and have them mark the migration journey of the Lost Boys.Make sure each group has one set of outline maps of Sudan, Africa, the world, and the United States. First, have students save a map for their group to work on. Sudanese society is patriarchal in nature. From the outbreak of conflict, armed groups targeted civilians along ethnic lines, committed rape and sexual violence, destroyed property and looted villages, and recruited children into their ranks. Members of known terrorist groups continue to be in Sudan and could pose a threat. By Inside Story. Washington, DC 20036, Careers| November 4, 2022 February 14, 2023 It also reflects the ethnic diversity of the countrys population. Sudan is home to around 43,120,843 individuals. The Sudanese culture has also evolved over centuries of social and political changes. Soups are also an important part of the Sudanese cuisine. South Sudan, a landlocked country in northeast Africa, is the youngest nation in the world. Then discuss the historical, cultural, and geographic factors that contributed to Sudans civil war and some of the consequences the civil warwhich lasted over twenty yearshad on Sudan and its peoples, including orphaned children, violence, famine, and disease. This system marked the development of a person from an ordinary youth to that of a big man. Girls also formed age-grade groups. In eastern . A combination of a hubris arising from international indulgence post-independence and an excess of money meant that the countrys political elites made some catastrophic errors, including shutting down their national oil production six months after independence because of a dispute with the northern Sudanese. Cousin marriage, sororate (customary marriage with a deceased wifes sister), levirate (customary marriage to an elder brothers widow), and polygyny were practiced. A small community of Christians also live there. Katherine Noel, Interviewer Alex de Waal, Interviewee. Sudan has a rich heritage of music and dance that have suffered greatly since the implementation of the Sharia law in 1989. Then, ask students to construct a geo-tour of the different segments of the Lost Boys' journey using bookmarks, labels, drawing tools, and markers. The military has also faced international condemnation for the attack on protesters on 3 June, with the UK saying the military council bore "full responsibility". Revolution, unrest and war have ravaged Sudan's history since its independence from British and Egyptian rule in 1956. Education made little headway among the Humr Baqqrah because it came into conflict with their way of life; people were reluctant to send their children to schools because livestock and cattle herding would suffer. Despite sporadic violations over the ensuing weeks, Kiir and Machar signed a final cease-fire and power-sharing agreement in August 2018. The actions by the president and the chief of staff in July were tantamount to this. Since reprioritizing protection, the UN Mission in the Republic of South Sudan has faced extreme challenges due to the deterioration of the security situation and its complex relationship with the government of the Republic of South Sudan. Among the many projects to provide for the immediate needs of displaced people, the emergency response team is working to ensure that all people in displacement camps have a clean water source less than 1km from their temporary dwelling. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) states that sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), including domestic violence and alcohol abuse, increases in such circumstances. They will best know the preferred format. The highest political office among the Fur was that of the sultan, who was surrounded by a body of councillors dependent on royal patronage. The art of Sudan reflects its centuries-old history. Ongoing disputes and the lack of power-sharing agreements between many of South Sudans rival factions in the civil war that ended in 2018 has cast doubt on whether the government will be able to prevent violence in the lead-up to national elections, which are set to occur in 2022. South Sudans civil war is the result of a weakly institutionalized state and may require the African Unions intervention to find peace and stability, says expert Alex de Waal. The United States was a lead facilitator of South Sudanese independence, which was decided in a 2011 referendum, and provided diplomatic support and humanitarian aid. Basketball, volleyball, handball are other popular games played in the country. Additionally, highway blockades resulted in the halting of around 3,000 trucks, causing losses of up to USD2 . World Relief Sudan is well aware of the specific challenges which women and girls face in such environments and is taking measures to prevent violence, protect vulnerable beneficiaries and support the agency and voices of women in their communities. What this meant was that the actual mechanisms for the political management of South Sudan collapsed. There is usually a significant age difference between the bride and groom. The African Cup of Nations was held for the first time in 1956 in Sudan. Whereas members of a camp formed the basic unit of cooperation over herding, the household was the main unit of cooperation in agriculture, although some activities connected with agriculture involved a wider group. National Geographic Headquarters If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. Five years after gaining independence, South Sudan is gripped by a civil war that has killed an estimated 50,000 and displaced 1.6 million. The military and protesters have been negotiating over the country's future, President Omar al-Bashir was overthrown in a coup in April, There were celebrations when the 4 August deal was signed. Modern Sudanese literature emerged in the 16th and 17th centuries and was mainly written in Arabic or some local languages like the Fur language. Harry and Meghan told to 'vacate' Frogmore Cottage, Fungus case forces Jack Daniels to halt construction, Rare Jurassic-era bug found at Arkansas Walmart, China and Belarus call for peace in Ukraine, Havana Syndrome unlikely to have hostile cause - US, Dozens of girls treated after new Iran poisonings, Fire knocks out half of Argentina's power grid. Notwithstanding its flaws, it should have been protected. In all the societies descent was reckoned in the male line, but the significance of such agnatic ties among kin groups differed from one society to another. An armed insurgency being led in the south of the country by Thomas Cirillo, who leads the group known as the National Salvation Front (NSF), poses a severe threat to civilians and further threatens the peace process. Editor's note: Andrew Korybko is a Moscow-based American political analyst.The article reflects the author's views and not necessarily those of CGTN. Newsroom| A woman dubbed 'Kandaka', which means Nubian queen, has become a symbol for protesters. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. Then use the provided answer key to discuss students' answers.4. The Otoro political system consisted of a number of territorial segments that did not coincide with kinship groupings. In addition there were age-grades; membership in each of the five grades lasted three years, after which all the members were promoted together to the next higher grade. They perhaps fear the protests in Sudan could inspire similar events to take place in their countries. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. Each village had a council of elders who decided minor cultivation disputes and enforced their decisions by advice and warning. John Dau, a former "Lost Boy," works to help others in his immigrant community as well as at home in South Sudan. Another Hollow Peace Deal Signed in South Sudan, Political Splintering at the Root of Failing South Sudanese Peace Deals, South Sudan's Splintered Opposition: Preventing More Conflict, Conflict and Crisis in South Sudan's Equatoria, South Sudan's Second Decade May Be As Troubled As Its First, Deadly Clashes Threaten South Sudan's Shaky Peace Deal, South Sudan, The World's Youngest Country, Is Deep in Crisis, By entering your email and clicking subscribe, you're agreeing to receive announcements from CFR about our products and services, as well as invitations to CFR events. The following discussion of three of those cultures merely suggests some rather prominent cultural patterns that are illustrative of the wide range present. Terms of Service| World Relief is both an equal opportunity employer and a faith-based religious organization. If possible, find other examples of Sudanese and Dinka cultural markers to share with students. You cannot download interactives. If not, contact one of the Lost Boys groups with active websites and establish a pen-pal correspondence between them and your students. John Dau, a former "Lost Boy," works to help others in his immigrant community as well as at home in South Sudan. Popular music, hip hop, Southern Sudanese modern music, and modern tribal music are popular among the Sudanese youth today, especially in the urban areas. In small groups, have students use the MapMaker Interactive to create geo-tours of the Lost Boys' journey.Have small groups load the MapMaker Interactive. Relief workers called them the Lost Boys after the characters in the J.M. The significant residential and herding unit was the camp, the composition of which changed with the seasons. Build background.Ask students if theyre familiar with Peter Pans Lost Boyscharacters in the J.M. In 2014, the AU itself carried out an investigation into violations of human rights and international humanitarian law during the armed conflict. The recent rapes and beatings of aid workers and civilians by soldiers at a Juba hotel have been linked to a lack of accountability for human rights violations during Sudans decades-long civil war. What cultural aspects of Sudan contribute to civil unrest? Modern Sudanese literature focusses on social realist and other themes. The movement reached a climax on 6 April, when demonstrators occupied the square in front of the military's headquarters to demand that the army force the president out. Terms of Service| The Dinka are the largest ethnic group in southern Sudan. Barrie novel Peter Pan who formed a family and took care of each other in Never-Never Land. One issue here is, yes, just the general impunity that these combatants have enjoyed. Locally, there was a descending hierarchy of hereditary fief stewards, village heads, and, lastly, heads of households. The report was released last year. On 4 August they signed a constitutional declaration which will pave the way for the formation of a transitional government. Among the Humr Baqqrah the main distinction was between persons of Arab descent (who held the positions of power) and non-Arabs. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. February 22, 2023 The upsurge in anti-Americanism in South Sudan has to be seen in this context. But Egypt, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates are seen to be allies of the junta. Protracted civil conflict in the Sudan generally has its origin in socio-economic inequities caused by neglect of the agricultural sector, misguided land reforms, unfair Then they watch an excerpt from the film, God Grew Tired of Us, and write about it. person who flees their home, usually due to natural disaster or political upheaval. Moreover, the countrys two leadersKiir and Macharwere the primary instigators of rival factions in the civil war that began in 2013, and the peace between them is fragile. Relief workers called them the Lost Boys after the characters in the J.M. Several initiation rights mark their journey into adulthood. And the specific reason why it did so in South Sudan was both the legacy of previous conflict, where groups had been organized on an ethnic basis. So South Sudan should, in my view, be suspended from the African Union. Students watch excerpts from the film God Grew Tired of Us to learn about the Lost Boys of Sudan and the refugee experience, map the Lost Boys migration journey, and discuss the challenges the Lost Boys faced while adapting to life in the United States and trying to maintain their cultural identities as Dinka. 4 Jan 2022. Tell students that they will see an excerpt, called "From Sudan to the United States." Interestingly, music influenced by the West has gained popularity in the country today. As the first step toward ending the civil war, Machar returned to Juba in April 2016 and was once again sworn in as vice president, after spending more than two years outside of the country. by Diana Roy Introduce the film God Grew Tired of Us and the excerpt students will watch.Explain to students that the film documents the story of the Lost Boys of Sudan as they fled civil war, spent a decade growing up in a Kenyan refugee camp, and were eventually resettled in the United States. More than a year after President of South Sudan Salva Kiir and former opposition leader Riek Machar formed a unity government, there has been slow progress on implementing the countrys main peace agreement, which was signed in 2018 and ended a civil war that began in 2013. The marriage was usually dissolved by the total refund of the bridewealth to the former husband. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. The AU suspended Sudan as a member of the pan-African body after 3 June crackdown, saying it will be reinstated only after a civilian-led transitional authority is established. Code of Ethics| 1. Arranged marriages are the norm in Sudanese society. The August 2015 peace agreement simply cannot be implemented: it was based on three false premises. Traditionally, among the Otoro there were no political offices, only a special hereditary ritual officethat of chief of the Path, who acted as intermediary in peace negotiations between conflicting parties. Sudan Peoples Liberation Movement-in-Opposition (SPLM-IO) rebels fire weapons during an assault on Sudan Peoples Liberation Army (SPLA) soldiers in the town of Kaya, on the border with Uganda, in South Sudan on August 26, 2017. Later that month, Kiir and Machar signed the Khartoum Declaration of Agreement that included a cease-fire and a pledge to negotiate a power-sharing agreement to end the war. In 1991 his forces were involved in a major massacre of Dinkas, the largest ethnic group in South Sudan. Tribalism, as a theory is based on variables such as combinations of kingship-based, The African Union has the legal mechanisms required to intervene very forcefully in South Sudan.. What is the capacity for the UN to play a stabilizing role given the recent criticism of its peacekeepers for failing to prevent rape and other abuses happening in the capital? In the worst such case, dozens of people were killed - and some had their bodies thrown into the River Nile - in a crackdown on protesters in the capital, Khartoum on 3 June. In late October 2018, Machar returned to South Sudan for a nationwide peace celebration to mark the end of the civil war. Distribute the worksheet and have students complete it.Distribute copies of the worksheet The Lost Boys Cultural Identity. Explain to students that Sudans second civil war was caused by conflicts between northern and southern Sudan over oil and religion. KEYWORDS: South Sudan, Civil War, Ethnicity, Political Instability, National Interests, Humanitarian Crisis INTRODUCTION Africa as a whole is in chaos. Football is the most popular spectator sport in Sudan. Traditional and folk music like the Sufi Dervishes, Haqibah, Southern Sudanese folk music, and Northern Sudanese lyrical music also lost their prominence in modern-day Sudan. While women and girls in Sudan already face challenges due to their gender, these challenges . The key to an understanding of contemporary Sudanese culture is diversity. Go to National Geographic's Sudan Facts page and invite volunteers to take turns reading aloud the information. In October 2021, the Sudanese National Chamber of Importers stated that the one month disruption at Port Sudan had cost up to USD65 million daily to the Sudanese economy, with over 900 containers stuck at the port. Sudan experienced its second unrest in two years on October 25 after the armed forces seized power and dissolved the joint civilian-military Sovereign Council that was supposed to transfer power to civilian control by sometime next month. learned behavior of people, including their languages, belief systems, social structures, institutions, and material goods. In all societies under comparison, there were ritual and ceremonial practices marking the stages in the life cycle of the individualbirth, circumcision, puberty, marriage, and death. by Olivia Angelino, Thomas J. Bollyky, Elle Ruggiero and Isabella Turilli 4. Have students complete it independently. Listen to Sudanese music on the National Geographic World Music website. January 19, 2023, Yemens Tragedy: War, Stalemate, and Suffering, Backgrounder Tell students that the Lost Boys have settled in eighteen states in the United States, including: Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, North Carolina, New York, Pennsylvania, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and Washington. Most African and Western countries have backed the protesters. Introduce the film God Grew Tired of Us and the excerpt students will watch.Explain to students that the film documents the story of the Lost Boys of Sudan as they fled civil war, spent a decade growing up in a Kenyan refugee camp, and were eventually resettled in the United States. Sustainability Policy| By reducing the distance to water points and fencing them in, women are at far lower risk of being attacked. The Dinka are the largest ethnic group in southern Sudan. Oral literature from Sudan includes mythological stories and religious tales. The Lost Boys of Sudan are a group of Dinka youth who fled civil war in their native country, spent a decade growing up in a Kenyan refugee camp, and were eventually resettled in the United States. The TMC's vice-president, Mohamed Hamdan Dagolo, also known as Hemeti, flew to Saudi Arabia in June to meet the crown prince Mohamed Bin Salman, promising to stand with the kingdom against threats and continue sending Sudanese troops to help the Saudi-led coalition in Yemen. When you reach out to them, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. The tribe was divided into two sections, each of which was divided into a further five sections, each comprising major lineages, camps, and extended families. Only a few women in urban areas are part of the workforce but their numbers are increasing in the job market. Ask: What physical aspects of Sudan contribute to civil unrest? Sudan has a low but improving literacy rate. In May 2014, the Security Council voted in a rare move to shift the missions mandate from nation-building to civilian protection, authorizing UN troops to use force. South Sudans President Salva Kiir (L), Sudans President Omar al-Bashir (2L), Somalias President Mohammad Abdullahi Mohammad (R), and Egypts Prime Minister Mostafa Madbouli (2R) look on after offering flowers at John Garang Mausoleum during a peace ceremony in Juba, South Sudan on October 31, 2018. Preteach or review relevant vocabulary, including: Have students make connections to their own lives to make sure they understand each concept. Pre-teach relevant vocabulary, including human migration, immigrant, emigrant, refugee, and resettlement.2. The unrest in Sudan can be traced back to December 2018, when then President Bashir's government imposed emergency austerity measures to try to stave off economic collapse. Barrie novel, and the media picked up on this; the group is now known collectively as The Lost Boys of Sudan. Review the vocabulary in this new context.3. Diplomacy, the art of maintaining peaceful relationships without the use of violence, can help turn conflict into cooperation. Introduce and watch three excerpts from God Grew Tired of Us.Tell students that they will watch three excerpts from God Grew Tired of Us. Ask: What physical aspects of Sudan contribute to civil unrest? Women are expected to look after the household and bring up children. Best of fest. If possible, show students the full film, God Grew Tired of Us, during class time. A brideprice is paid by the groom to the brides family before marriage in exchange for their daughter. A council of generals assumed power on 11 April but it has struggled to return normality to the country. Traditional cultures Because of Sudan's great cultural diversity, it is difficult to classify the traditional cultures of the various peoples. The Ministry of Culture, Museums and National Heritage Youth and Sports is cognizant that this premier Culture Policy is being rolled out at a critical time in our country's history, But the army is not a unified force in Sudan. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. Dairy and milk are fundamental to the diet of most Sudanese. This trust enabled our team to quickly respond to the latest humanitarian crisis in partnership with UN agencies and other INGOs. Join our community of educators and receive the latest information on National Geographic's resources for you and your students. And particularly in this instance, the South Sudanese combatant abuses have been overlooked for years and years, because they were the good guys [in the long civil war against northern Sudan forces]. But tens of thousands of protesters returned to the streets a few weeks later to stage the biggest demonstration since Mr Bashir's overthrow. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. Students watch excerpts from the film God Grew Tired of Us. 5. 210 KB. A leader of the Nuer, the second largest ethnic group in South Sudan, he had split from the SPLM and fought against it for years during the civil war. A dish made of banana paste called Moukhbaza is widely eaten in east Sudan. The protesters are mostly young, reflecting the country's demographics, but people of all ages have been seen in the crowds. And finally, that the security of the national capital Juba could be provided jointly by two armies that were still bitterly unreconciled and deeply distrustful of each other. Our emergency response thus far has included provision of potable water andemergency latrines, hygiene promotion training, mobile health services for pregnant women and children under fiveand distribution of basic non-food items for 39,000 internally displaced persons. Sudan has one of Africas best basketball teams. Preferred marriage within the surra was with a parallel cousin. Have students brainstorm service-learning projects for your community.If possible, have students brainstorm possible service-learning projects for your community. Members of the South Sudanese leadership feel betrayed. Now, it would be rather nave to believe that the same parties would resume the same war without committing the same crimes. Preteach or review vocabulary. And the groups that had organized around the president, the militias, including the Mathiang Anyoor or the brown caterpillar, who carried out the massacres in Juba in the first days of the conflict in December 2013they had organized on an ethnic basis. Circumcision distinguished boyhood from manhood. That has never been forgotten, even after Machar united back with the SPLM in 2001. Tell students that they will see an excerpt, called "From Sudan to the United States." Sudan's traditional societies have diverse linguistic, ethnic, social, cultural, and religious characteristics. Violence has prevented farmers from planting or harvesting crops, causing food shortages nationwide. by Lindsay Maizland Arabic and English are the official languages of Sudan. by Kali Robinson Because of the continual raids and wars between segments, a chieftainship, with the power to use force to maintain peace, was established. Among the Otoro, an individual achieved higher status as he was promoted from one age-grade to another. The UN authorized the deployment of an additional four thousand peacekeepers as part of a regional protection force in 2016, although their arrival was delayed until August 2017. Sudan is a Northeast African country with varied geography featuring deserts, mountains, sea coasts, and more. Geography, Human Geography, Physical Geography, Social Studies, World History, Photograph courtesy National Geographic Entertainment/Newmarket Films. They discuss the challenges the Lost Boys faced while adapting to life in the United States and trying to maintain their cultural identities. But the root of this war was not ethnic strife, says expert Alex de Waal in an interview. Polygamous marriages were more common in the past. And some members of the Dinka elite, particularly around Bor, who have tried to stay out of it entirely, or are even sympathizing with the opposition. Broadly speaking, the traditional societies of Sudan exhibited two types of political organization: the hierarchical system of the Fur and the segmentary systems of the Humr Baqqrah and Otoro. Have a whole-class discussion to have students make media-to-self connections.Ask: 5. About 70% of the population are Sudanese Arab. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. Is there a risk that South Sudans prolonged conflict could be destabilizing beyond the countrys borders? conflict between groups in the same country or nation. Men took part in wrestling and fighting as part of their training for manhood. After its independence in 2011, how did South Sudan so suddenly fall into a political crisis? Did not coincide with kinship groupings make sure they understand each concept men... The country 's demographics, but people of all ages have been seen in the.. About 70 what cultural aspects of sudan contribute to civil unrest? of the wide range present Nations was held for first! 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'S resources for you and your students violence has prevented farmers from planting or harvesting crops, causing losses up! Evolved over centuries of social and political changes strife, says expert Alex de Waal Interviewee... Baqqrah the main distinction was between persons of Arab descent ( who held positions..., institutions, and religious tales, even after Machar United back the! Stewards, village heads, and material goods 'Kandaka ', which Nubian! Group aligned with Kiir and those from the Dinka are the largest ethnic group in southern Sudan risk that Sudans. Displaced 1.6 million Service| the Dinka are the largest ethnic group in South Sudan so suddenly into! Caused by conflicts between northern and southern Sudan destabilizing beyond the countrys borders to look after the characters in country!, South Sudan should, in my view, be suspended from the African Cup of Nations was held the. 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