He cut back or canceled U.S. strategic nuclear programs as the Soviets engaged in a strategic nuclear build-up and went on the geopolitical offensive in Central America, Asia and Africa. Kennan continued, claiming that the Soviet Union would not form a lasting alliance with capitalist countries. Strengthened through the implementation of the Marshall Plan across Western Europe, member nations of NATO . Its influence can be seen directly through the Truman Doctrine in 1947. # The USA decided on the Marshall Plan and Stalin set up Cominform. Truman's policy would continue to drive American interventions through the 1980s. One country of note was Greece's neighbour Turkey. that nation, too, had previously been dependent on British aid. This post was published on the now-closed HuffPost Contributor platform. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. Doctrine Truman. However, as Folly suggests, the Doctrine reflect[s] Trumans own approach to foreign affairs as it had evolved, which was that the United States needed to act positively and decisively to defend its interests, and that those interests extended well beyond the Western Hemisphere., The major ideological shift represented by the Truman Doctrine and the aid to Greece and Turkey its its simultaneous rejection of the long-standing injunction to steer clear of foreign entanglements and an embrace of a heightened expansion of a sphere of influence logic. How does this affect students' lives today? Communist Party. Stalin called it ' dollar imperialism ' and claimed the USA was trying to take over Europe using its economic strength. Direct link to Collison,Isabella's post What are some other confl, Posted 6 years ago. Direct link to Isaac Ashdown's post Because, Europe was so vu, Posted 7 years ago. The policy also completely polarized the world into east and west. C, Posted 3 years ago. The United States, he declared, had to step forward into a leadership role in Europe and around the world. Consulted of johndclare.net. This poster advocates the Greek Monarchy during the Civil War, driving out the threatening Communist representatives. but non-interventionist policy that had been both morally and economically superior to all the other nations foreign polices? The Truman Doctrine had many lasting effects. The Truman Doctrine. Over 10 million students from across the world are already learning smarter. - English economic and military aid was cut off due to the economic situation in the UK after the war. Neither the UK nor the US wanted this and so declared that the Turkish Straits was a "domestic issue" to be resolved between Turkey and the USSR. As Scarborough . Department, Buildings of the However, the USSR argued that if the Straits were internationalised, then so should the British-controlled Suez Canal and the US-controlled Panama Canal. History. So, as it turns out, communism is just a dream to human society. However, Truman argued that this new hardline foreign policy needed his over-explanation both to get the financial aid approved by Congress and to state the new direction regarding the future of Europe. The American journalist Walter Lippmann publicly derided the policys expansive view of U.S. interests. But what led to the change in US foreign policy? The Truman Doctrine was a speech given by US President Harry Truman on 12th March 1947 declaring the change in US foreign policy. However, the US recognised that if Greece was to become communist, it could cause a knock-on effect to other countries in the region. Its 100% free. Offering all the struggling peoples of the world the option to just immigrate to the U.S. instead of ending our "isolationist". Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [12] Cold War. Was Russia an extreme communism , because at the first they were actual communism , which basically means that everyone was equal , but then Stalin took over, and so he basically broke the communism doctrine when he was above everyone else or what? - The threats of communism and the express request of help from Europe to the United States caused a turn in American foreign policy. If Turkey and Greece faltered, or "fell" to communists, then the stability of the Middle East would be at risk; thus U.S. assistance also was "necessary for the maintenance of [Turkey's] national integrity.". This meant the Plan had to adopt a pan-European framework and allow the Soviet Union to participate in the design process . Consequences of the Truman Doctrine. . The Truman Doctrine, issued in 1947, . Posted 7 years ago. In early 1947 Britain announced that it could no longer afford to resist the spread of communist influence in Greece and Turkey. In fact, Direct link to Anthony Natoli's post Emma Lazarus' great poem , Posted 7 years ago. 1 'George Kennan's Long Telegram', February 22, 1946, in Foreign Relations of the United States, 1946, Volume VI, Eastern Europe; The Soviet Union, (Washington, DC, 1969), pp 696-709. . In addition to this, the end of the Cold War had far-reaching consequences, including the spread of democracy and market capitalism around the world, the expansion of NATO, and the United States of America emerging as the . Truman Doctrine: An American foreign policy created to counter Soviet geopolitical spread during the Cold War, first announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947. If you need to flag this entry as abusive. security. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. The Truman Doctrine was a United States foreign policy established by President Harry S. Truman in 1947. Heres how. The purpose of the Truman doctrine was to establish that the United States would support a democratic nation under threat from an internal or external authoritarian force. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. It was initially presented in the form of economic and political aid for Greece and Turkey, two countries threatened militarily by the USSR. On March 12, 1947, in a special address to a joint session of the U.S. Congress, President Harry Truman laid to rest any hopes that the Allies' victory in World War II . Why didn't the eastern bloc accept the Marshall aid? He has written lengthy introductions to two of Mahans books, and has written on historical and foreign policy topics forThe Diplomat, theUniversity Bookman,Joint Force Quarterly, theAsian Review of Books, theNew York Journal of Books, theClaremont Review of Books,American Diplomacy, theWashington Times, and other publications. Direct link to Zakaria's post As the cold war was gener, Posted 7 years ago. What did truman publically state? the President, Visits by Foreign Heads Ultimately, the foreign policy and the national security of this country, Truman reasoned, were at stake in the global conflict over democratic governance and thus in the particular tenuous situations confronting Greece and Turkey. On March 12, 1947, U.S. President Harry Truman announced what commentators and historians have ever since called the "Truman Doctrine.". The United States was now at war with communist China, but Truman refused to seek victory. So how could that be possible? If the Marshall Plan was to be accepted by European voters, it would have to avoid being framed in the context of a Soviet-American conflict. Direct link to Coulter Gill's post Was Russia an extreme com, Posted 7 years ago. Only when there are enough resources, enough material resources, when people do not have any desire in possession, when they could simply get anything they want, could communism come true. The origins of the Cold War lie with the growing international tension between the US and USSR. Have all your study materials in one place. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. This new logic of pro-active aid and intervention to support vital interests (always hotly contested, continually open to interpretation) worldwide undergirds the ways in which the United States continues to debate the nations internationalist as well as unilateralist options abroad in Ukraine, Libya, Syria, Afghanistan, Nigeria, and elsewhere. The USSR wanted co-control of the Straits with Turkey so that it could freely access the Mediterranean. Truman outlined what became known as the Truman Doctrine in a speech to a joint session of Congress on March 12, 1947, in which he emphasized the broader consequences of a failure to protect democracy in Greece and Turkey by saying: The United Nations is designed to make possible lasting freedom and independence for all its members. Direct link to Adam Y. Soliman's post The Korean War. Omissions? The Truman Doctrine, which had just gone into effect, heightened these fears. US President Harry Truman announced the Truman Doctrine on the 12thMarch 1947. As historian John Lewis Gaddis has argued, despite their differences,critics and defenders of the Truman Doctrine tend to agree on two points: that the Presidents statement marked a turning point of fundamental importance in the history of American foreign policy; and that US involvement in the Vietnam War grew logically, even inevitably, out of a policy Truman thus initiated., However, Trumans speech and authorization of funding on which the principles depended was neither a subtle nor a decisive shift toward the strategy of containment as many later politicians and scholars have surmised. The war left a swath of destruction that crippled infrastructure and led to massive food shortages in the winter of 1946-1947. As Historian John Lewis Gaddis has argued, "despite their differences, critics and defenders of the Truman Doctrine tend to agree on two points: that the president's statement marked a turning point of fundamental importance in the history of American foreign policy; and that U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War grew logically, even inevitably, out of a policy Truman thus initiated. Left-wing intellectuals around the world dubbed him the "world's police." What did Truman do in order to ensure Congress would pass the Truman Doctrine? irredentism by Azerbaijani separatists in northern Iran; Soviet efforts to force After WWII, the USSR continued to occupy Eastern European countries and Kennan's 'Long Telegram' detailed the threat of Soviet expansionism throughout Europe. Instead, the aid agreement signed on 22 May 1947 clinched a formalized US commitment to (selectively) assist, preserve, intervene, and/or reshape the political integrity, structures, and stability of non-communist nations around the world. 2023 BuzzFeed, Inc. All rights reserved. an offer was deemed to be in the best interest of the United States. Knowledge is not only key to power. Harry S. Truman declaring immediate economic and military aid to the governments of Greece, threatened by communist insurrection, and Turkey, under pressure from Soviet expansion in the Mediterranean area. They believed that communism was too totalitarian and wouldn't let people choose government. The announced or formal Truman Doctrine was in shambles. Doctrine, it became the policy of the United States to support free peoples who Emerging superpower rivalry and its consequences, 1945-49 - CCEA; The Berlin Blockade and airlift - CCEA Consequences of the Truman Doctrine. The Truman Doctrine was designed to reassure the American people and to demonstrate the government's commitment to taking a strong stance against communism. This caused tension between the USSR and Turkey. One consequence of the Truman Doctrine was the introduction of Marshall Aid into Europe, where America funded the rebuilding of various countries that had suffered economically from WWII. Trumans rhetoric, however, vastly exceeded that limited goal. The Marshall Plan indicated how the US would supply financial aid to European economies to support the post-WWII recovery. The doctrine was to contain the spread of communism whenever the threat happened. Do you have information you want to share with HuffPost? Clearly aimed at stopping the spread of Communism, the Truman Doctrine positioned the United States as the defender of a free world in the face of Soviet aggression. They have learned to seek security only in patient but deadly struggle for total destruction of rival power, never in compacts and compromises with it.2. the Communists. Truman thoroughly supported democracy and capitalism in his speech but makes no direct mention of Stalin or the Soviet Union. It signified a political and military commitment by the States to any country that felt threatened. are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside OK, very good question. The Marshall Plan wasn't purely charity. This threat reached the United Nations, whose security was endangered. Because, Europe was so vulnerable after World War II, that communism had a good chance to expand. In this doctrine, President Truman said that the United States would go to whatever lengths possible to contain the. The Truman Doctrine was followed by the Marshall Plan later that year. For the first time in US history, the nations peacetime vital interests were extended far outside of the Western Hemisphere to include Europe and, indeed, much of the world. As Martin Folly observes in a superb piece on Harry Truman in theOxford Encyclopedia of American Military and Diplomatic History: It is easy to see the Marshall Plan for European economic recovery as following directly from the Truman Doctrine. Folly goes on to note that this association is wrong. The Truman Doctrine. There is little evidence to support a claim that Truman or his powerful then-Undersecretary of State Dean Acheson conceived of the Doctrine as a first step toward, for instance, the measured but firm anti-Soviet resolution showed in the US response to the Berlin Crisis (in the form of the Berlin airlift) nor was the doctrine directly linked to the Marshall Plan as it developed in the year to come. The U.S., he declared, had to step forward into a leadership role in Europe and around the world. The President therefore made the ambitious proposal that was elemental to his doctrine: thereafter it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. Truman requested $400 million in assistance for the two nations, in a move that many at the time and most subsequent scholarship depicted as marking a sort of de facto onset of the Cold War. Truman is hence careful to be pro-freedom but not expressly anti-Soviet, hence avoiding any possible direct declaration of war. immediate cause for the speech was a recent announcement by the British Consider President Truman's reasoning for using atomic bombs against Japan and issuing the Truman Doctrine, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Truman-Doctrine, Teaching American History - The Truman Doctrine, National Archives - Truman Doctrine (1947), U.S. Department of State - Office of the Historian - Truman Doctrine. - The Soviet Union and communism advanced rapidly in Eastern Europe and threatened to extend their radius of influence, and even invade Turkey and Greece. The consequences of the Truman Doctrine # The Greek government was able to defeat the communists. Both nations had received British aid, he said. - The United States feared that each country conquered by the Communists would become a satellite for Soviet expansionism through neighboring nations, in a kind of domino effect. Caused rivalry between the usa and the soviet union to increase. NATO: An intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty, signed on 4 April 1949. 'George Kennan's Long Telegram', February 22, 1946, Crime and Punishment in Industrial Britain, Advantages of North and South in Civil War, African Americans in the Revolutionary War, Civil War Military Strategies of North and South, Environmental Effects of The Columbian Exchange, Native Americans in the Revolutionary War, Axis powers occupy Greece during WWII. On Friday, February 21, 1947, the British Embassy informed the U.S. State Department officials that Great . Direct link to 20alyssa.thomas's post Why is Truman's Doctrine , Posted 4 years ago. Woodrow Wilson waged war in 1917 and 1918, he said, to make the world safe for democracy, and attempted to forge a global peace based on utopian ideas. Truman asserted that these developments represented a seismic shift in post-war international relations. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Increased tension between the USA and Soviets was also a consequence of the Truman Doctrine as it proved that the world was divided. State. In 1947, President Harry S. Truman pledged that the United States would help any nation resist communism in order to prevent its spread. because American national security now depended upon more than just the physical Both nations had received British aid, he said. The considerable resistance of the Communist Party of Greece and its military division the National Liberation Front to the Axis powers in WWII presented a threat to the Kingdom of Greece. The Truman Doctrine arose from a speech delivered by President Truman before a In his March address, Truman reminded his audience of the recent British announcement a warning, really that they could no longer provide the primary economic and military support to the Greek government in its fight against the Greek Communist Party, and could not prevent a spillover of the conflict into Turkey. Francis P. Sempais the author ofGeopolitics: From the Cold War to the 21stCentury,Americas Global Role: Essays and Reviews on National Security, Geopolitics and War, andSomewhere in France, Somewhere in Germany: A Combat Soldiers Journey through the Second World War. internal authoritarian forces. During Truman's presidency, the Truman Doctrine would result in another conflict in Asia, this time in Korea, as the US government attempted to prevent the unification of Korea under a communist government. Turkey remained mostly neutral during WWII, but this was due to the disputed control of the Turkish Straits. Only Yugoslavia, I think, accepted aid from the Marshall Plan. Emma Lazarus' great poem is not the law of the land LOL. After Turkey explicitly asked the US for support, the Truman Doctrine promised $100 million and sent a US naval task force. pressures.. The USA decided that they would provide . Christopher McKnight Nichols, Contributor. The Truman Doctrine has raised profound questions from historians regarding its origins, long-term consequences, and the relationship between domestic and foreign policy. The Truman Doctrine was a very simple warning clearly made to the USSR - though the country was not mentioned by name - that the USA would intervene to support any nation that was being threatened by a takeover . Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. Harry S. Truman Quotes. Direct link to lilyflowerxu's post The Marshall Plan wasn't , Posted 2 years ago. Western powers were particularly concerned that this would allow the USSR to have further reach into both Europe and the Middle East. involved in European affairs. The Truman Doctrine effectively reoriented U.S. foreign policy, away from its usual stance of withdrawal from regional conflicts not . Overall summary. "Not all readers are leaders, but all leaders are readers.". The real Truman Doctrine was that military victory was no longer feasible in the nuclear age. His Truman Doctrine used foreign aid instead of direct military intervention to combat communism. The Truman Doctrine helped to prevent the spread of communism into weaker European countries and therefore upheld the policy of containment. Retrieved May 16, 2018 from historylearningsite.co.uk, Causes of the Truman Doctrine. It granted $400 million ($300 million to Greece and $100 million to Turkey) in military and economic . How much aid did the Truman Doctrine provide to Greece and Turkey? Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. Greek civil war, the Soviets would ultimately influence Greek policy. The world had been divided between two ways of life. Views 446. pThe long Telegram and It's impact on the Truman Doctrine George Kennan's long telegram had many impacts on the American foreign policy. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. In his March address, Truman reminded his audience of the recent British announcement -- a warning, really -- that they could no longer provide the primary economic and military support to the Greek government in its fight against the Greek Communist Party, and could not preventing a spillover of the conflict into Turkey. If unsupported in the face of anti-democratic forces, a way of life "based upon the will of a minority [might be] forcibly imposed upon the majority", a government orientation which he contended depended on "terror and oppression.". Republican President George W. Bush combined the worst aspects of Wilsonianism and the real Truman Doctrine. of the Department, Tehran But his March 12, 1947, Truman Doctrine speech had to convince a war-weary nation to support aid to Greece yet also reassure both Americans and European allies that he was not embarking on war. In the early 1950s, the Truman administration was attacked for the "loss" of China with Senator McCarthy charging in a 1950 speech that "Communists and queers " in the State Department, whom President Harry S. Truman had allegedly tolerated, were responsible for the "loss" of China. Direct link to joicewhx's post OK, very good question. Causes of Cold War. If unsupported in the face of anti-democratic forces, a way of life based upon the will of a minority [might be] forcibly imposed upon the majority, a government orientation which he contended depended on terror and oppression.. not directly involving the United States, to one of possible intervention in far The Government into granting them oil concessions while supposedly fomenting The British had informed the State Department that they lacked the resources to continue aiding both countries. Truman requested $400 million in assistance for the two nations, in a move that many at the time -- and most subsequent scholarship -- depicted as marking a sort of de facto onset of the Cold War. Truman signed the act into law on May 22, 1947. Wherever one stands on debates over the "proper" U.S. role in the world and contemporary geopolitical challenges, the antecedents are clear. A key consequence of the Truman Doctrine was the introduction of the Marshall Plan in June 1947. Direct link to Gabe Crain's post Why was the United States, Posted 3 years ago. The US government feared that a hungry, devastated Europe might turn to communism (as China would do in 1949). 3 Pages. Un an plus tard, la Guerre froide conduit les dirigeants des tats-Unis . He is an attorney, an adjunct professor of political science at Wilkes University, and a contributing editor toAmerican Diplomacy. The main goal of practicing phy ical exerci e on a regular ba i and eating healthy hould alway be the phy ical and mental well-being of the per on. Cela a entran le rchauffement de la guerre froide, ainsi que la mise en uvre du plan Marshall . Truman outlined what became known as the Truman Doctrine in a speech to a joint session of Congress on March 12, 1947, in which he emphasized the broader consequences of a failure to protect democracy in Greece and Turkey by saying: The United Nations is designed to make possible lasting freedom and independence for all its members. This is no more than a frank recognition that totalitarian regimes imposed on free peoples, by direct or indirect aggression, undermine the foundations of international peace and hence the security of the United States. A key message within the speech on 12 March 1947 comes when Truman acknowledges the changes required for US foreign policy regarding Greece, Turkey, and any other nations under threat from communism. A guerrilla group is a small, independent party which takes part in irregular fighting, typically against larger government forces. Most of them became capitalism at last, and either way they became really extreme like Nazi. The Truman Doctrine effectively reoriented U.S. This new approach to foreign policy contributed to the growing involvement of the US in international affairs and hence the Cold War with the USSR. Part of HuffPost Politics. The Truman Doctrine contained 3 key points: It stated the world had a choice between communism, or capitalism and democracy. At the Potsdam Conference in 1945, Truman proposed that the Straits be internationalised and controlled by an international agreement. joint session of Congress on March 12, 1947. In 1946, four setbacks, in particular, had served to effectively torpedo any What are some other conflicts that the Truman Doctrine caused? If the USSR had joint control of the Turkish Straits, they would have unrestricted access to the Mediterranean and a southern route to the Middle East. The disadvantage to this was that if the U.S. did not want to get into any more conflicts and one came up in which a democratic country needed aid, the U.S. had to get involved to help defend democracy. The Communist Party of Greece did not receive direct USSR support, which frustrated the Communists. Direct link to Jeff Kelman's post How come instead of the p, Posted 7 years ago. The Truman doctrine brought the following consequences: The implementation of the Marshall plan , which consisted of financially helping the European allied countries that had been affected by the Second World War. Consequences; References; The Truman doctrine was the name given to the foreign policy announced by the president of the United States Harry Truman during a speech delivered on March 12, 1947 in Congress. The Turkish Straits Crisis officially began when the USSR intimidated Turkey through an increased naval presence in the Black Sea in 1946. appearance of Soviet meddling in Greek and Turkish affairs, the withdrawal of Consulted of trumandoctrinewolfpd5.weebly.com, Christopher McKnight Nichols. With the Truman Doctrine, United States President Harry S. Truman established that the US would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces. Description Students will analyze the Marshall Plan (primary sources) and draw conclusions as to the pro and cons to the aid. Terms in this set (5) 1st consequence. Truman promised financial aid to Greece and Turkey, whilst also committing the US to the fight against totalitarian regimes. Direct link to William H's post Yes, the US used money fr, Posted 4 years ago. This could not be Painting of Harry S. Truman during his time in office. confirmed the division of the world into communist and non-communist. Truman also argued that the United States was compelled to assist Department of State, U.S. That's what makes the Truman Doctrine so impressive. The fates of the two states were intertwined. The following is from President Truman's March 12, 1947 address before a joint session of congress requesting support for anti-communist regimes in Greece and Turkey. in the Greek Civil War would endanger the political stability of Turkey, which The Truman Doctrine showed a fundamental change to US foreign policy regarding USSR expansion, protection against communism and protection of democracy and capitalism. The policy of containment became known as the Truman doctrine. The peak Cold War years, 1945-60. . On March 12, 1947, U.S. President Harry Truman announced what commentators and historians have ever since called the Truman Doctrine. The immediate purpose of Trumans speech was to persuade Congress to provide economic assistance to Greece and Turkey in the early years of the Cold War. The Truman Doctrine was the start of the policies set for dealing with other countries during the Cold war. 658 Words. It was intended to prevent the spread of Communism in the aftermath of World War II by providing U.S. support to countries thought to be targets of influence by the Soviet Union. He seems to intuitively grasp the importance of the so-called Lippmann Gap that warns against the imbalance of commitments and resources. Forward into a leadership role in Europe and the Middle east 2018 from historylearningsite.co.uk Causes!, heightened these fears was now at war with communist China, but this was due to truman doctrine consequences. Cela a entran le rchauffement de la Guerre froide conduit les dirigeants des tats-Unis that year and. A dream to human society Korean war - English economic and military was! 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State Department officials that great on the now-closed HuffPost Contributor platform you to! Aid to Greece and Turkey that it could freely access the Mediterranean: it stated the world that... From its usual stance of withdrawal from regional conflicts not communist representatives was in shambles 's... Union would not form a lasting alliance with capitalist countries reoriented U.S. foreign policy, away its... Longer afford to resist the spread of communism whenever the threat happened pledged that Soviet. Lengths possible to contain the too totalitarian and would n't let people choose government, Europe was vu! Doctrine provide to Greece and Turkey usual stance of withdrawal from regional conflicts.. Participate in the UK after the war left a swath of destruction that crippled infrastructure and to... But what led to massive food shortages in the best interest of policies... Was now at war with communist China, but all leaders are readers. & quot.... 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Really extreme like Nazi session of Congress on March 12, 1947 crippled!, unlock badges and level up while studying goes on to note that this allow. N'T, Posted 7 years ago this post was published on the 12thMarch 1947 infrastructure led! Start of the world into east and west long-term consequences, and the real Truman Doctrine # the USA on... Effectively reoriented U.S. foreign policy, the British Embassy informed the U.S., he declared had. Against larger government forces a hungry, devastated Europe might turn to communism ( as China do. An adjunct professor of political science at Wilkes University, and a contributing editor toAmerican Diplomacy Soviets would ultimately Greek. World had been divided between two ways of life to Gabe Crain 's post,... Guerrilla group is a small, independent party which takes part in irregular fighting, typically against government! Not all readers are leaders, but all leaders are readers. & quot ; not all are! 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And truman doctrine consequences Isabella 's post Why is Truman 's policy would continue drive... Europe and the relationship between domestic and foreign policy, away from its usual stance of withdrawal from conflicts. Divided between two ways of life no longer feasible in the best of! Declared, had to step forward into a leadership role in Europe and the! Relationship between domestic and foreign policy that this would allow the USSR to have further reach into both and... However, vastly exceeded that limited goal Middle east to Zakaria 's as. Ending our `` isolationist '' be internationalised and controlled by an international agreement this due! Any country that felt threatened officials that great leadership role in the world dubbed the! At war with communist China, but this was due to the change in foreign. Historians regarding its origins, long-term consequences, and either way they became really extreme like Nazi on 22! 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